CAUSES OF MYOPIA
Myopia, commonly known as short-sightedness or nearsightedness, is a refractive error where distant objects appear blurry while close objects can be seen clearly.
Genetics
The genetics of myopia involve many genes rather than a single “myopia gene.”
​​
-
Heritability is high—studies show that 50–80% of the variation in myopia risk is explained by genetic factors.
-
Polygenic nature: Hundreds of gene variants have been linked to eye growth, scleral structure, and visual signal pathways (e.g., those involved in extracellular matrix remodeling and retinal neurotransmission).
-
Gene–environment interaction: Genetic predisposition interacts strongly with lifestyle factors like near work, outdoor time, and education level.
-
Family history: Children with one or two myopic parents are significantly more likely to develop myopia, and it tends to appear earlier and progress faster.
Environment
Environmental causes of myopia mainly include:
-
Too much near work, like reading, using phones, or computers for long periods.
-
Not enough time spent outdoors in natural light, which helps protect the eyes.
-
Limited exposure to daylight can affect eye growth and increase myopia risk.
These factors can contribute to developing myopia or make it progress faster, especially in children.
​​
Family History of Myopia: Children with one or both parents who are Myopic have a significantly higher risk of developing myopia.
​
Increased Near Work: Spending long hours reading, using digital screens, or doing other close-up tasks can contribute to myopia progression.
Risk factors for Myopia
Limited Time Outdoors: Studies show that children who spend less time outdoors are at higher risk, likely due to lower exposure to natural light.
Early Onset: Myopia that develops at an early age often progresses more severely over time.
Ethnicity: Some ethnic groups, particularly individuals of East Asian descent, have higher rates of myopia.
Parental Action is Crucial
In the case of parents, understanding the responsibility involved with acting fast against myopia is significant. If you already wear glasses or contact lenses for myopia, it is important to get your children's vision tested soon.